If the preceding footnote contains more than one reference, Ibid. should be used only when the same author and title are cited as in the footnote immediately preceding. When beginning a new chapter, repeat the full citation the first time the reference is used and use the short form thereafter. Subsequent (repeated) references: within one chapter, all subsequent references to an author and title that have already been cited should use the author's last name, and if necessary to distinguish, a shortened title with appropriate page numbers. Font size should be 1 or 2 points smaller than text font. Footnotes are a way for the author to provide additional content to their papers without distracting the reader from the text. Footnotes must begin on the page where they are referenced.įootnotes should be single-spaced. The first footnote should be separated from the text by a single line which is two spaces below the last line of text. The footnotes themselves should be placed in numerical order at the foot of the page. In the text, the number should be typed slightly above the line (half-space), and should have no punctuation, parentheses, or slashes. The footnote numbers should be placed at the end of the passage.
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